diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp.tsx
index e000580..08da21c 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ const ClipboardApp = () => {
 
   const [retrieveRoomIdInput, setRetrieveRoomIdInput] = useState("");
   const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState<"send" | "retrieve">("send");
-  const retrieveJoinRoomBtnRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null); //接收方--加入房间按钮ref
+  const retrieveJoinRoomBtnRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null); // Ref for the receiver's "Join Room" button
 
   const { messages, isLoadingMessages } = usePageSetup({
     setRetrieveRoomId: setRetrieveRoomIdInput,
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileListDisplay.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileListDisplay.tsx
index ff5102a..b9343db 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileListDisplay.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileListDisplay.tsx
@@ -11,21 +11,20 @@ import { getDictionary } from "@/lib/dictionary";
 import { useLocale } from "@/hooks/useLocale";
 import type { Messages } from "@/types/messages";
 
-function formatFolderDis(
-  template: string, 
-  num: number, 
-  size: string
-) {
-  return template.replace('{num}', num.toString()).replace('{size}', size);
+function formatFolderDis(template: string, num: number, size: string) {
+  return template.replace("{num}", num.toString()).replace("{size}", size);
 }
 
 function formatFolderTips(
-  template: string, 
-  name: string, 
-  num: number, 
+  template: string,
+  name: string,
+  num: number,
   size: string
 ) {
-  return template.replace('{name}', name).replace('{num}', num.toString()).replace('{size}', size);
+  return template
+    .replace("{name}", name)
+    .replace("{num}", num.toString())
+    .replace("{size}", size);
 }
 
 interface FileListDisplayProps {
@@ -37,15 +36,15 @@ interface FileListDisplayProps {
     };
   };
   onDownload?: (item: FileMeta) => void;
-  onRequest?: (item: FileMeta) => void; //请求文件
+  onRequest?: (item: FileMeta) => void; // Request file
   onDelete?: (item: FileMeta) => void;
   onLocationPick?: () => Promise<boolean>;
-  saveType?: { [fileId: string]: boolean }; //文件是存储在磁盘还是内存
+  saveType?: { [fileId: string]: boolean }; // File stored on disk or in memory
   largeFileThreshold?: number;
 }
-// 添加类型判断辅助函数
+// Add type guard helper function
 function isCustomFile(file: FileMeta | CustomFile): file is CustomFile {
-  return "lastModified" in file; // 使用 File 对象特有的属性来判断
+  return "lastModified" in file; // Use a property specific to File objects to check
 }
 function isFileMetaArray(
   files: FileMeta[] | CustomFile[]
@@ -68,21 +67,21 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
   const [showFinished, setShowFinished] = useState<{
     [fileId: string]: boolean;
   }>({});
-  // 添加 ref 来存储上一次的 showFinished 状态
+  // Add a ref to store the previous showFinished state
   const prevShowFinishedRef = useRef<{ [fileId: string]: boolean }>({});
 
-  const [pickedLocation, setPickedLocation] = useState<boolean>(false); //是否已经选取过保存目录
-  const [needPickLocation, setNeedPickLocation] = useState<boolean>(false); //是否需要选择保存目录--大文件或文件夹或用户主动选择
+  const [pickedLocation, setPickedLocation] = useState<boolean>(false); // Whether a save directory has been selected
+  const [needPickLocation, setNeedPickLocation] = useState<boolean>(false); // Whether a save directory needs to be selected -- for large files, folders, or user choice
 
-  const [folders, setFolders] = useState<FileMeta[]>([]); //将文件中属于 文件夹的 提取出来
-  const [singleFiles, setSingleFiles] = useState<FileMeta[]>([]); //保留单文件，不属于文件夹
-  // 添加当前显示的接收端追踪
+  const [folders, setFolders] = useState<FileMeta[]>([]); // Extract folder items from files
+  const [singleFiles, setSingleFiles] = useState<FileMeta[]>([]); // Keep single files, not part of a folder
+  // Add tracking for currently displayed receiver
   const [activeTransfers, setActiveTransfers] = useState<{
     [fileId: string]: string;
   }>({});
-  //对是否有文件传输状态进行跟踪
+  // Track if any file transfer is in progress
   const [isAnyFileTransferring, setIsAnyFileTransferring] = useState(false);
-  // 添加下载次数的状态
+  // Add state for download counts
   const [downloadCounts, setDownloadCounts] = useState<{
     [fileId: string]: number;
   }>({});
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
       .then((dict) => setMessages(dict))
       .catch((error) => console.error("Failed to load messages:", error));
   }, [locale]);
-  //监控文件传输状态
+  // Monitor file transfer status
   useEffect(() => {
     const hasActiveTransfer = Object.values(fileProgresses).some(
       (fileProgress) =>
@@ -103,12 +102,12 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
   }, [fileProgresses]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    //分离出单文件和文件夹
+    // Separate single files and folders
     const tempSingleFiles: FileMeta[] = [];
     let folders_: { [folderName: string]: FileMeta } = {};
     let needPick = false;
 
-    // 如果是 CustomFile[] 类型，先转换为 FileMeta[]
+    // If it's a CustomFile[] type, convert it to FileMeta[] first
     const processedFiles: FileMeta[] = isFileMetaArray(files)
       ? files
       : files.map((file) => ({
@@ -123,10 +122,10 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
     for (let file of processedFiles) {
       if (file.folderName !== "") {
         folders_[file.folderName] = folders_[file.folderName] || {
-          //如果对象不存在，则初始化
+          // If the object doesn't exist, initialize it
           name: file.folderName,
           size: 0,
-          fullName: file.folderName, // 文件夹的 fullName 就是 folderName
+          fullName: file.folderName, // The fullName of a folder is its folderName
           fileType: "folder",
           fileId: file.folderName,
           folderName: file.folderName,
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
         };
 
         folders_[file.folderName].fileCount =
-          (folders_[file.folderName].fileCount ?? 0) + 1; //如果 fileCount 是 undefined，使用默认值 0
+          (folders_[file.folderName].fileCount ?? 0) + 1; // If fileCount is undefined, use default value 0
         folders_[file.folderName].size += file.size;
         folders_[file.folderName].fileNamesDis = folders_[file.folderName]
           .fileNamesDis
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
     // console.log('Single files before setState:', tempSingleFiles);
     // console.log('Folders before setState:', Object.values(folders_));
 
-    // 使用函数式更新确保状态正确更新
+    // Use functional updates to ensure the state is updated correctly
     setSingleFiles((prev) => {
       // console.log('Previous single files:', prev);
       // console.log('New single files:', tempSingleFiles);
@@ -162,32 +161,32 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
       // console.log('New folders:', Object.values(folders_));
       return [...Object.values(folders_)];
     });
-    setNeedPickLocation(needPick); //设置是否需要选择保存目录
+    setNeedPickLocation(needPick); // Set whether a save directory needs to be selected
   }, [files, largeFileThreshold]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    //如果一个文件同时被多个接收端请求，会先显示第一个，等结束后再显示第二个
+    // If a file is requested by multiple receivers simultaneously, the first one will be displayed, then the second after the first finishes.
     let fileIds = [...singleFiles, ...folders].map((file) => file.fileId);
 
     fileIds.forEach((fileId) => {
       const fileProgress = fileProgresses[fileId];
       if (!fileProgress) return;
-      // 获取当前文件的所有传输进度
+      // Get all transfer progresses for the current file
       const transfers = Object.entries(fileProgress);
-      // 如果没有活跃传输，选择第一个开始的传输
+      // If there are no active transfers, select the first one that started
       let newPeerId = "";
       if (!activeTransfers[fileId] && transfers.length > 0) {
         newPeerId = transfers[0][0];
         setActiveTransfers((prev) => ({
           ...prev,
-          [fileId]: newPeerId, // 设置第一个 peerId
+          [fileId]: newPeerId, // Set the first peerId
         }));
       }
-      // set是异步操作 直接使用 newPeerId 而不是从 activeTransfers 中读取
+      // set is an async operation, use newPeerId directly instead of reading from activeTransfers
       const activePeerId = newPeerId || activeTransfers[fileId];
-      // 检查当前活跃传输是否完成
+      // Check if the current active transfer is complete
       if (activePeerId && fileProgress[activePeerId]?.progress >= 1) {
-        // 当前传输完成，等待2秒后切换到下一个未完成的传输
+        // Current transfer is complete, wait 2 seconds before switching to the next incomplete transfer
         if (!showFinished[fileId]) {
           setShowFinished((prev) => ({ ...prev, [fileId]: true }));
 
@@ -198,8 +197,8 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
               return updated;
             });
 
-            delete fileProgress[activePeerId]; //需要删掉这个peer的进度，否则下次相同文件被请求进度显示不正常
-            // 找到下一个未完成的传输
+            delete fileProgress[activePeerId]; //need to delete the progress of this peer, otherwise the progress will be displayed abnormally when the same file is requested next time.
+            // Find the next outstanding transfer
             const nextTransfer = transfers.find(
               ([pid, prog]) =>
                 pid !== activePeerId && prog.progress > 0 && prog.progress < 1
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
   ]);
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    //监控 Finished 从false/null跳变为true这个事件 来触发下载
+    //Monitor the Finished event from false/null to true to trigger the download
     let files_ = [...singleFiles, ...folders];
 
     files_.forEach((item: FileMeta) => {
@@ -236,32 +235,32 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
       const prevShowFinished = prevShowFinishedRef.current[item.fileId];
       const isSaveToDisk = saveType ? saveType[item.fileId] : false;
       // console.log(`last:${prevShowFinished} --> cur:${currentShowFinished}`);
-      // 检测 false -> true 的跳变
+      // Detecting false -> true transitions
       if (!prevShowFinished && currentShowFinished) {
         if (!isSaveToDisk && onDownload) {
           onDownload(item);
         }
 
-        // 增加下载次数
+        // Increase download count
         setDownloadCounts((prevCounts) => ({
           ...prevCounts,
           [item.fileId]: (prevCounts[item.fileId] || 0) + 1,
         }));
       }
 
-      // 更新上一次的状态
+      // Update the last status
       prevShowFinishedRef.current[item.fileId] = currentShowFinished;
     });
   }, [showFinished, singleFiles, folders, saveType, onDownload]);
 
-  //每一项文件 对应的动作--进度、下载、删除
+  //Actions corresponding to each file - progress, download, delete
   const renderItemActions = (item: FileMeta) => {
     const fileProgress = fileProgresses[item.fileId];
     const activePeerId = activeTransfers[item.fileId];
     const progress = activePeerId ? fileProgress?.[activePeerId] : null;
     const showCompletion = showFinished[item.fileId];
     const isSaveToDisk = saveType ? saveType[item.fileId] : false;
-    // 获取下载次数
+    // Get download count
     const downloadCount = downloadCounts[item.fileId] || 0;
 
     if (messages === null) {
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
     }
     return (
       <div className="flex items-center">
-        {progress && progress.progress < 1 ? ( //显示进度或已完成
+        {progress && progress.progress < 1 ? ( //Show progress or completed
           <TransferProgress
             message={
               mode === "sender"
@@ -285,7 +284,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
         ) : null}
         {mode === "receiver" &&
           onRequest &&
-          onDownload && ( //请求 && 下载
+          onDownload && ( //Request && Download
             <FileTransferButton
               onRequest={() => onRequest(item)}
               isCurrentFileTransferring={
@@ -297,7 +296,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
               isSavedToDisk={saveType ? saveType[item.fileId] : false}
             />
           )}
-        {/* 展示下载次数 */}
+        {/* display download Num*/}
         {mode === "sender" && (
           <span className="mr-2 text-sm">
             {messages.text.FileListDisplay.downloadNum_dis}: {downloadCount}
@@ -321,7 +320,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
       </div>
     );
   };
-  //每一项文件 对应的展示--meta信息
+  //Display of each file --meta information
   const renderItem = (item: FileMeta, isFolder: boolean) => {
     const filenameDisplayLen = 30;
     const formatSize = formatFileSize(item.size);
@@ -362,7 +361,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
     <>
       {(singleFiles.length > 0 || folders.length > 0) && (
         <>
-          {/* 自动弹窗组件,当有大文件和文件夹时 只提醒一次 */}
+          {/* Automatic pop-up component, only remind once when there are large files and folders */}
           {mode === "receiver" && (
             <div className="mb-2">
               <AutoPopupDialog
@@ -373,7 +372,7 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
                 }
                 condition={() => needPickLocation}
               />
-              {/* 常态化提醒选择保存目录 */}
+              {/* Regular reminder to select the save directory */}
               <div className="flex items-center">
                 <p className="text-red-500 mb-2">
                   {messages.text.FileListDisplay.chooseSavePath_tips}
@@ -395,7 +394,6 @@ const FileListDisplay: React.FC<FileListDisplayProps> = ({
             </div>
           )}
           <div className="mb-2">
-            {/* 确保文件列表确实被渲染 */}
             <div className="files-list">
               {singleFiles.map((file) => (
                 <div key={`single-${file.name}`}>{renderItem(file, false)}</div>
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileTransferButton.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileTransferButton.tsx
index ab8e21f..33279b4 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileTransferButton.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileTransferButton.tsx
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ interface FileTransferButtonProps {
   isOtherFileTransferring: boolean;
   isSavedToDisk: boolean;
 }
-//针对下载中不同状态的按键进行管理
+// Manage buttons for different download statuses
 const FileTransferButton = ({
   onRequest,
   isCurrentFileTransferring,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ const FileTransferButton = ({
 }: FileTransferButtonProps) => {
   const locale = useLocale();
   const [messages, setMessages] = useState<Messages | null>(null);
-  // 按钮状态判断
+  // Button status judgment
   const isDisabled = isCurrentFileTransferring || isSavedToDisk || isOtherFileTransferring;
 
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const FileTransferButton = ({
       .then(dict => setMessages(dict))
       .catch(error => console.error('Failed to load messages:', error));
   }, [locale]);
-  // 根据不同状态显示不同的提示信息
+  // Display different tooltips based on status
   const getTooltipContent = () => {
     if (isSavedToDisk) return messages!.text.FileTransferButton.SavedToDisk_tips;
     if (isCurrentFileTransferring) return messages!.text.FileTransferButton.CurrentFileTransferring_tips;
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ const FileTransferButton = ({
     return messages!.text.FileTransferButton.download_tips;
   };
 
-  // 根据状态设置不同的按钮样式和类名
+  // Set different button styles and class names based on status
   const getButtonStyles = () => {
     if (isSavedToDisk) {
       return {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ const FileTransferButton = ({
     <TooltipProvider delayDuration={100}>
       <Tooltip>
         <TooltipTrigger asChild>
-          <span className="inline-block"> {/* 包装器确保禁用状态下tooltip仍然工作 */}
+          <span className="inline-block">
             <Button 
                 onClick={onRequest} 
                 variant={buttonStyles.variant}
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileUploadHandler.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileUploadHandler.tsx
index 9b82ecb..eacf0be 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileUploadHandler.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/FileUploadHandler.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
   DialogTitle,
   DialogDescription,
 } from '@/components/ui/dialog';
-// 在文件顶部添加这个声明来扩展已有的类型,避免IDE报错
+// Add this declaration at the top of the file to extend existing types and avoid IDE errors
 declare module "@/components/ui/input" {
   interface InputProps {
     webkitdirectory?: string | boolean;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ declare module "@/components/ui/input" {
 import { getDictionary } from '@/lib/dictionary';
 import { useLocale } from '@/hooks/useLocale';
 import type { Messages } from '@/types/messages';
-import { en } from '@/constants/messages/en';  // 导入英文字典作为默认值
+import { en } from '@/constants/messages/en';  // Import English dictionary as default
 
 const traverseFileTree = async (item: FileSystemEntry, path = ''): Promise<CustomFile[]> => {
   return new Promise((resolve) => {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ const traverseFileTree = async (item: FileSystemEntry, path = ''): Promise<Custo
             // console.log('subResults',subResults)
             const files: CustomFile[] = subResults.flat();
             // console.log('files',files)
-            resolve(files); // 移除了条件判断，直接返回处理好的文件
+            resolve(files); // Removed conditional judgment, directly return processed files
           }
         });
       };
@@ -76,17 +76,17 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
   onFilePicked
   }) => {
   const locale = useLocale();
-  const [messages, setMessages] = useState<Messages>(en); // 使用英文字典作为初始值
+  const [messages, setMessages] = useState<Messages>(en); // Use English dictionary as initial value
   
-  const dropZoneRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);//拖拽文件至附件--支持
+  const dropZoneRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);// Drag and drop files to attachments -- support
   const folderInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
   const fileInputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
-  // 文件选择器--消息提示
+  // File selector -- message prompt
   const [fileText, setFileText] = useState<string>(en.text.fileUploadHandler.NoFileChosen_tips);
   const [isModalOpen, setIsModalOpen] = useState(false);
   
   useEffect(() => {
-    if (locale !== 'en') {  // 如果不是英文，才需要加载其他语言包
+    if (locale !== 'en') {  // Only load other language packs if not English
       getDictionary(locale)
         .then(dict => {setMessages(dict);setFileText(dict.text.fileUploadHandler.NoFileChosen_tips);})
         .catch(error => console.error('Failed to load messages:', error));
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
       const fileNum = newFiles.length;
       const folderNum = newFiles.filter(file => file.folderName).length;
       
-      // 使用时
       const choose_dis = formatFileChosen(
         messages!.text.fileUploadHandler.fileChosen_tips_template, fileNum, folderNum
       );
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
         fileInputRef.current.value = '';
       }
     }, [messages,onFilePicked]);
-  //拖拽上传文件夹 响应处理
+  // Drag and drop folder upload response processing
   const handleDrop = useCallback((e: React.DragEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
       e.preventDefault();
       e.stopPropagation();
@@ -132,15 +131,15 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
         });
       }
     }, [handleFileChange]);
-  /*  定义一个处理拖动文件悬停事件的回调函数 handleDragOver。
-      在 handleDragOver 中，阻止默认行为和事件传播，以确保自定义处理。
-      没有依赖项数组，这意味着 handleDragOver 函数只会在组件第一次渲染时创建一次，并且不会在之后的渲染中重新创建
+  /*  Define a callback function handleDragOver to handle the drag-over event.
+      In handleDragOver, prevent default behavior and event propagation to ensure custom handling.
+      There is no dependency array, which means the handleDragOver function will only be created once when the component first renders, and will not be re-created in subsequent renders.
     */
   const handleDragOver = useCallback((e: React.DragEvent<HTMLDivElement>) => {
     e.preventDefault();
     e.stopPropagation();
   }, []);
-  //点击上传文件 处理
+  // Click to upload file processing
   const handleFileInputChange = useCallback((e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
     if (e.target.files) {
       const files = Array.from(e.target.files);
@@ -150,10 +149,10 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
         files2.push(customFile);
       }
       handleFileChange(files2);
-      setIsModalOpen(false);//关闭对话框
+      setIsModalOpen(false);// Close the dialog
     }
   }, [handleFileChange]);
-  //点击上传文件夹 响应处理
+  // Click to upload folder response processing
   const handleFolderInputChange = useCallback((e: ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
     if (e.target.files) {
       const files_ = Array.from(e.target.files);
@@ -167,20 +166,20 @@ const FileUploadHandler: React.FC<FileUploadHandlerProps> = ({
       });
 
       handleFileChange(files);
-      setIsModalOpen(false);//关闭对话框
+      setIsModalOpen(false);// Close the dialog
     }
   }, [handleFileChange]);
 
-  // 处理拖放区域的点击
+  // Handle drag and drop area click
   const handleZoneClick = () => {
     setIsModalOpen(true);
   };
-  // 处理选择文件
+  // Handle file selection
   const handleSelectFile = () => {
     fileInputRef.current?.click();
   };
 
-  // 处理选择文件夹
+  // Handle folder selection
   const handleSelectFolder = () => {
     folderInputRef.current?.click();
   };
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/RetrieveTabPanel.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/RetrieveTabPanel.tsx
index b728c10..4890e9c 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/RetrieveTabPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/RetrieveTabPanel.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import {
 import FileListDisplay from "@/components/ClipboardApp/FileListDisplay";
 import type { Messages } from "@/types/messages";
 import type { FileMeta } from "@/types/webrtc";
-import type { ProgressState } from "@/hooks/useWebRTCConnection"; // 假设此类型已导出
+import type { ProgressState } from "@/hooks/useWebRTCConnection"; // Assuming this type is exported
 import type WebRTC_Recipient from "@/lib/webrtc_Recipient";
 
 interface RetrieveTabPanelProps {
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/SendTabPanel.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/SendTabPanel.tsx
index d90cbe6..2d1d39b 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/SendTabPanel.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/SendTabPanel.tsx
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ interface SendTabPanelProps {
   removeFileToSend: (meta: FileMeta) => void;
   richTextToPlainText: (html: string) => string;
   sendProgress: ProgressState;
-  // shareRoomId: string; // 这个是从 useRoomManager 来的，代表已验证的ID
-  processRoomIdInput: (roomId: string) => void; // 从 useRoomManager 传入
+  // shareRoomId: string; // This comes from useRoomManager and represents the validated ID
+  processRoomIdInput: (roomId: string) => void; // Passed from useRoomManager
   joinRoom: (isSender: boolean, roomId: string) => void;
   generateShareLinkAndBroadcast: () => void;
   sender: WebRTC_Initiator | null;
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ export function SendTabPanel({
   currentValidatedShareRoomId,
 }: // initShareRoomId,
 SendTabPanelProps) {
-  // 本地状态，用于输入框的即时响应
+  // Local state for immediate response in the input field
   const [inputFieldValue, setInputFieldValue] = useState<string>(
     currentValidatedShareRoomId
   );
 
-  // 当来自父组件的 validatedShareRoomId 改变时（例如，初始获取后），同步本地输入框的值
+  // When the validatedShareRoomId from the parent component changes (e.g., after initial fetch), synchronize the local input field's value
   useEffect(() => {
     setInputFieldValue(currentValidatedShareRoomId);
   }, [currentValidatedShareRoomId]);
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ SendTabPanelProps) {
   const handleInputChange = useCallback(
     (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
       const newValue = e.target.value;
-      setInputFieldValue(newValue); // 立即更新输入框显示
-      processRoomIdInput(newValue); // 调用hook中的处理函数，它会进行防抖验证
+      setInputFieldValue(newValue); // Immediately update the input field display
+      processRoomIdInput(newValue); // Call the handler function from the hook, which will perform debounced validation
     },
     [processRoomIdInput]
   );
@@ -129,18 +129,14 @@ SendTabPanelProps) {
         </span>
         <Input
           aria-label="Share Room ID"
-          value={inputFieldValue} // 绑定到本地状态
+          value={inputFieldValue} // Bind to local state
           onChange={handleInputChange}
           onPaste={handlePaste}
           className="flex-grow min-w-0"
-          // placeholder={
-          //   // messages.text.ClipboardApp.html.roomIdInput_placeholder ||
-          //   "输入房间号或粘贴"
-          // }
         />
         <Button
           className="w-full sm:w-auto"
-          onClick={() => joinRoom(true, inputFieldValue.trim())} // 使用当前输入框的值尝试加入
+          onClick={() => joinRoom(true, inputFieldValue.trim())} // Attempt to join using the current input field value
           disabled={!sender || sender.isInRoom || !inputFieldValue.trim()}
         >
           {messages.text.ClipboardApp.html.joinRoom_dis}
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ SendTabPanelProps) {
             !sender.isInRoom ||
             (sendFiles.length === 0 && shareContent.trim() === "") ||
             !currentValidatedShareRoomId.trim()
-          } // 确保有已验证的房间ID才可分享
+          } // Ensure there is a validated room ID before allowing sharing
         >
           {messages.text.ClipboardApp.html.startSending_dis}
         </AnimatedButton>
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/ShareCard.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/ShareCard.tsx
index cf37418..6ea6bd9 100755
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/ShareCard.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/ShareCard.tsx
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ const ShareCard: React.FC<ShareCardProps> = ({ RoomID, shareLink }) => {
     <div className="bg-blue-100 p-4 rounded-md">
       <p className="text-blue-700 mb-4">{messages.text.RetrieveMethod.P}</p>
 
-      {/* 使用 flex-col 替代 list，更好控制移动端布局 */}
+      {/* Use flex-col instead of list for better control on mobile layout */}
       <div className="flex flex-col space-y-4">
-        {/* RoomID 部分 */}
+        {/* RoomID section */}
         <div className="flex flex-col space-y-2">
           <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
             <span>{messages.text.RetrieveMethod.RoomId_tips + RoomID}</span>
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ const ShareCard: React.FC<ShareCardProps> = ({ RoomID, shareLink }) => {
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        {/* URL 部分 */}
+        {/* URL section */}
         <div className="flex flex-col space-y-2">
           <div className="break-all">
             {messages.text.RetrieveMethod.url_tips + shareLink}
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ const ShareCard: React.FC<ShareCardProps> = ({ RoomID, shareLink }) => {
           </div>
         </div>
 
-        {/* QR Code 部分 */}
+        {/* QR Code section */}
         <div className="flex flex-col space-y-2">
           <div>{messages.text.RetrieveMethod.scanQR_tips}</div>
           <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ const ShareCard: React.FC<ShareCardProps> = ({ RoomID, shareLink }) => {
         </div>
       </div>
 
-      {/* QR Code 显示区域 */}
+      {/* QR Code display area */}
       <div className="mt-4 flex justify-center">
         <div className="inline-block border-2 p-4 bg-white rounded-lg">
           <div ref={qrRef}>
diff --git a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/TransferProgress.tsx b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/TransferProgress.tsx
index 49448bf..103986a 100644
--- a/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/TransferProgress.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/ClipboardApp/TransferProgress.tsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ interface TransferProgressProps {
   message: string;
   progress: Progress;
 }
-//'Sending' : 'Receiving'
+// Display 'Sending' or 'Receiving' message
 const TransferProgress: React.FC<TransferProgressProps> = ({ message, progress }) => {
   const speed = isNaN(progress.speed) ? 0 : progress.speed;
 
diff --git a/frontend/components/blog/ArticleListItem.tsx b/frontend/components/blog/ArticleListItem.tsx
index 84b5b00..457fe97 100644
--- a/frontend/components/blog/ArticleListItem.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/blog/ArticleListItem.tsx
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ interface ArticleListItemProps {
 export function ArticleListItem({ post }: ArticleListItemProps) {
   return (
     <article className="bg-white rounded-xl shadow-lg hover:shadow-xl transition-shadow overflow-hidden">
-      {/* 增大封面图高度 */}
       <div className="relative h-80 w-full">
         <Image
           src={post.frontmatter.cover}
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ export function ArticleListItem({ post }: ArticleListItemProps) {
         />
       </div>
       
-      <div className="p-8"> {/* 增大内边距 */}
+      <div className="p-8">
         <div className="flex items-center gap-4 text-sm text-gray-500 mb-4">
           <time className="font-medium">
             {new Date(post.frontmatter.date).toLocaleDateString()}
diff --git a/frontend/components/blog/MDXComponents.tsx b/frontend/components/blog/MDXComponents.tsx
index 643c6d8..49d479c 100644
--- a/frontend/components/blog/MDXComponents.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/blog/MDXComponents.tsx
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import Image from 'next/image'
 import { ComponentProps, DetailedHTMLProps, HTMLAttributes } from 'react'
 import dynamic from 'next/dynamic'
-// 动态导入 Mermaid 组件
+// Dynamically import the Mermaid component
 const Mermaid = dynamic(() => import('@/components/blog/Mermaid'), { ssr: false });
 
 export type MDXComponents = {
@@ -126,6 +126,6 @@ export const mdxComponents: MDXComponents = {
       {children}
     </li>
   ),
-  mermaid: Mermaid, // 使用定义的 Mermaid 组件
+  mermaid: Mermaid, // Use the defined Mermaid component
   
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/frontend/components/blog/Mermaid.tsx b/frontend/components/blog/Mermaid.tsx
index f2db71a..2f96deb 100644
--- a/frontend/components/blog/Mermaid.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/blog/Mermaid.tsx
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-'use client' // 标记为客户端组件
+'use client' // Mark as client component
 
 import mermaid from 'mermaid'
 import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
 
-// 初始化 Mermaid.js
+// Initialize Mermaid.js
 mermaid.initialize({ startOnLoad: false })
 
 const Mermaid: React.FC<{ children: string }> = ({ children }) => {
diff --git a/frontend/components/blog/TableOfContents.tsx b/frontend/components/blog/TableOfContents.tsx
index 80bcbf1..78a8a1e 100644
--- a/frontend/components/blog/TableOfContents.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/blog/TableOfContents.tsx
@@ -16,30 +16,30 @@ export const TableOfContents: React.FC<TableOfContentsProps> = ({ content }) =>
   const [activeId, setActiveId] = useState<string>('');
   const [toc, setToc] = useState<TocItem[]>([]);
 
-  // 生成合法的 ID，保留中文字符
+  // Generate a valid ID, preserving Chinese characters
   const generateValidId = (text: string): string => {
     return encodeURIComponent(text
-      .trim() // 移除首尾空格
-      .replace(/\s+/g, '-') // 将空格替换为连字符
-      .replace(/\-\-+/g, '-')  // 将多个连字符替换为单个
-      .replace(/^-+/, '')      // 移除开头的连字符
-      .replace(/-+$/, '')      // 移除结尾的连字符
+      .trim() // Remove leading/trailing spaces
+      .replace(/\s+/g, '-') // Replace spaces with hyphens
+      .replace(/\-\-+/g, '-')  // Replace multiple hyphens with a single one
+      .replace(/^-+/, '')      // Remove leading hyphens
+      .replace(/-+$/, '')      // Remove trailing hyphens
     );
   };
 
   useEffect(() => {
-    // 解析内容生成目录
+    // Parse content to generate table of contents
     const headingRegex = /^(#{1,3})\s+(.+)$/gm;
     const items: TocItem[] = [];
     let match;
-    const usedIds = new Set<string>(); // 用于跟踪已使用的ID
+    const usedIds = new Set<string>(); // Used to track used IDs
 
     while ((match = headingRegex.exec(content)) !== null) {
       const level = match[1].length;
       const text = match[2].trim();
       let id = generateValidId(text);
       
-      // 如果ID已存在，添加数字后缀
+      // If ID already exists, add a numeric suffix
       let counter = 1;
       let uniqueId = id;
       while (usedIds.has(uniqueId)) {
@@ -66,30 +66,30 @@ export const TableOfContents: React.FC<TableOfContentsProps> = ({ content }) =>
       { rootMargin: '-80px 0px -40% 0px' }
     );
 
-    // 确保所有标题都已经渲染
+    // Ensure all headings are rendered
     const setupObserver = () => {
       const headers = document.querySelectorAll('h1[id], h2[id], h3[id]');
       headers.forEach((header) => observer.observe(header));
     };
 
-    // 确保 DOM 已更新
+    // Ensure DOM is updated
     if (toc.length > 0) {
-      // 给 DOM 一点时间来更新
+      // Give the DOM some time to update
     setTimeout(setupObserver, 100);
     }
 
     return () => observer.disconnect();
-  }, [toc]); // 依赖于 toc 而不是 content
+  }, [toc]); // Depends on toc instead of content
 
   const scrollToHeader = (id: string) => {
-    // 不需要解码 ID，因为它已经是正确的格式
+    // No need to decode the ID, as it is already in the correct format
     const element = document.getElementById(id);
     if (element) {
-      // 获取元素位置
+      // Get element position
       const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();
       const scrollTop = window.pageYOffset || document.documentElement.scrollTop;
       
-      // 计算目标位置（考虑固定导航栏的高度，假设是 80px）
+      // Calculate target position (considering the fixed navigation bar height, assuming 80px)
       const offsetTop = rect.top + scrollTop - 80;
 
       window.scrollTo({
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export const TableOfContents: React.FC<TableOfContentsProps> = ({ content }) =>
         behavior: 'smooth'
       });
 
-      // 设置当前活动项
+      // Set current active item
       setActiveId(id);
     }
   };
diff --git a/frontend/components/web/SystemDiagram.tsx b/frontend/components/web/SystemDiagram.tsx
index aeb2514..c59b858 100644
--- a/frontend/components/web/SystemDiagram.tsx
+++ b/frontend/components/web/SystemDiagram.tsx
@@ -1,21 +1,28 @@
-import Image from 'next/image'
-import type { Messages } from '@/types/messages';
+import Image from "next/image";
+import type { Messages } from "@/types/messages";
 
 interface PageContentProps {
   messages: Messages;
 }
 
 export default function SystemDiagram({ messages }: PageContentProps) {
-  
   return (
     <section className="py-16 bg-background">
       <div className="container mx-auto px-4">
-        <h2 className="text-3xl font-bold mb-12 text-center">{messages.text.SystemDiagram.h2}</h2>
-        <Image src="/SystemDiagram.png" alt="SecureShare system diagram: Peer-to-peer file and clipboard sharing" width={1226} height={745} className="mx-auto mb-6" />
+        <h2 className="text-3xl font-bold mb-12 text-center">
+          {messages.text.SystemDiagram.h2}
+        </h2>
+        <Image
+          src="/SystemDiagram.png"
+          alt="SecureShare system diagram: Peer-to-peer file and clipboard sharing"
+          width={1226}
+          height={745}
+          className="mx-auto mb-6"
+        />
         <p className="mt-8 text-center max-w-2xl mx-auto">
           {messages.text.SystemDiagram.h2_P}
         </p>
       </div>
     </section>
-  )
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  );
+}